2300BC->0AD

Sargon of Akkad
Yu
Abacus
Aryan
Iron
Hammurabi
Alphabet
Amenhotep IV
Ramesses II
Trojan Horse
Solomon
Draco
Cyrus II
Herodotus
Gautama Buddha
Aristotle
Qin Shi
Soap and Candle maker
Compass
Julius Caesar

Sargon of Akkad (2334BC-2279BC)

I was commonly known as Sargon the Great. I was born a son of a gardener and I ended up building the great city of Babylon. I was an emperor famous for my conquest of the Sumerian city-states. My mother was poor and I did not know my father. My mother placed me in a basket of reeds and abandoned me to the river which bore me away and brought me to Akki the irrigator. Akki reared me to boyhood and made me a gardener. I later became the king's gardener. I became a prominent member of the royal court. I killed the king and eventually conquered Mesopotamia. I had an army of 5,400 men to administer my empire. The language I spoke became the official language of Mesopotamia. Marduk, the god I worshiped, became the official god. I advanced deep into the heart of Turkey to protect the interests of Akkadian and other Mesopotamian merchants. I mined mountains of their precious stones with axes of bronze. My family ruled Mesopotamia for the next 150 years. I was regarded as a model by Mesopotamian kings for some 2000 years after my death. My daughter was a priestess who composed ritual hymns which continued to be sung for many centuries after her death. 

When I died, I saw that there was a life available as a boy who lived as far away from my last life as possible. So I applied and got the life of Yu.

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Yu (2200BC-2100BC)


I was commonly known as Yu the Great. I was a ruler in ancient China and was famous for my introduction of flood control. I was a great-grandson of the emperor known as the Yellow Emperor. My father, Gun, was tasked with devising a system to control the flooding. He spent more than 9 years building a series of dikes and dams along the riverbanks, but all of this was ineffective, despite the great number and size of these dikes and the use of a special self-expanding soil. Because of his failure, my father was executed. I had to continue my father's work. I made a very careful study of the river systems in an attempt to learn why my father's great efforts had failed.

The system of flood controls I devised was crucial in establishing the prosperity of the Chinese heartland. Instead of directly damming the rivers' flow like my father did. I made a system of irrigation canals which relieved floodwater into fields. I spent great effort dredging the riverbeds. I ate and slept with the common workers and spent most of my time personally assisting the work of dredging the silty beds of the rivers for the 13 years the projects took to complete. The dredging and irrigation were successful, and allowed people to flourish along the Yellow River, Wei River, and other waterways of the Chinese heartland. The project earned me renown.

King Shun was so impressed by my engineering work and diligence that he passed the throne to me instead of to his own son. I initially declined the throne, but I was so popular with other local lords and chiefs that I agreed to become their new emperor at the age of 53. My flood control work made me very familiar with the area. I later divided the area into 9 administrative provinces. I established a capital and ruled for 45 years till I died from an illness. My family continued to reign after my death for the next 400 years.

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Mr. Abacus Counter (2100BC)

I was born to become the chief mathematician for the king of Summer. I had to count everything for him. He wanted to know how many hours everyone worked and how many stones everyone made. For each day, for each place and for each type of work. He told me that the numbers were very important to him so that he could properly plan for the future. With the numbers calculated for the past, he could extrapolate and predict the numbers for the future. Predicting the future gave the king great powers and a very high success rate for his many projects. I developed a counting tool called the "abacus" that allowed very many rows of numbers to be added and subtracted very fast and very accurately. It had rows with colored wooden balls. In the first row, each wooden ball was white. In the next row the wooden balls were red. Then green, then yellow, then blue, violet and the last row had black balls. 10 white balls were replaced with 1 red one. 10 red balls were replaced by 1 green one. 10 green balls were replaced by 1 yellow. 10 yellow by 1 blue and 10 blue by 1 black. 1 black ball counted for 1 million white balls. With this tool, I was able to count up to 10 million.

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Mr Aryan (2100BC)

My father and his father before him were pioneers, settling in unsettled lands. My father was a wealthy horse trader.

He had learned about horses from his grandfather who made a very long trip to where the sun sets. He wanted to go to the edge of the world so he kept on following the sun. He wanted to see where it went when it went down below the horizon. He told my father stories that my father passed on to me, stories of a very ingenious people he called Mongolians. They tamed wild horses so that they could ride them. Some people even built boxes with wheels called "wagons" that they attached to a horse and rode in. Others attached digging sticks to horses to plough their gardens.

I helped my father with the horses and as I was racing with my friends, I fell off my horse and died.

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Mr Iron (2000BC)

My father was a copper pot maker and he experimented with melting various rocks. He took red rocks and found that they did not melt as easily as the green rocks used to make copper and bronze. He had to build a special covered fire place he called an oven and had to blow air inside it to make it hot enough for the red rock to melt. He found that the melted rock had a distinct advantage over bronze. It was much harder and more durable. My father found out that if he burned the wood slowly to form charcoal and used only the charcoal to fuel his fires, then his red rocks melted to form a much harder and stronger material then if he just used wood for his fire. The more charcoal he used, the harder the material became. At times it got too hard and brittle and tended to crack and shatter. It took several centuries before iron replaced bronze. The spread of iron-working in Central and Western Europe was associated with Celtic expansion.

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Hammurabi (1810BC-1750BC)

I was the founder of the first Babylonian Empire. I was king of Babylon, one of the many ancient city-states that dotted the Mesopotamian plain and waged war on its neighbors for control of fertile agricultural land. The first few decades of my reign were quite peaceful. I used my power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. I made one of the first codes of laws, which I claimed came from god. The priests were upset claiming that it was their job to talk with gods.

I had great respect for all gods, as well as the gods of the enemies I conquered. When people asked me who my favorite god was, I replied that I treated all the gods as equals. I was not a high priest of any one god, but a king of all the people. The gods would no longer decide what is allowed and what is not allowed and they would no longer set the punishment for disobedience. I would set the laws and the punishment for breaking them. No longer would judgment of right and wrong be made by gods and set by priests. They would be made by courts and the courts would be appointed by me.

One of my 282 laws known as the “Code of Hammurabi” prescribed death for anyone who helped a slave to escape or who sheltered a fugitive. Another of my laws dealt with retribution that was very similar with those of the Hebrews that practiced an “eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” type of justice.

The Code of Hammurabi was one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. These laws were inscribed on 12 stone tablets over 2.4m tall and were placed in a public place so that all could see them, even though most people were illiterate.

The structure of the code was very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. The punishments tended to be very harsh with many offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "eye for eye, tooth for tooth" law of retaliation once proven guilty. The code was also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also gave the accused and accuser the opportunity to provide evidence to prove their innocence or guilt. I claimed that I received the laws from god and that I was chosen by god to bring the laws to them. More than 300 years later, the Jewish god Jehovah gave laws to Moses in a very similar way in 10 commandments on stone tablets. However my 10 commandments and the punishment for breaking them were not as harsh. 

• If someone cuts down a tree on someone else's land, he will pay for it.
• If someone is careless when watering his fields, and he floods someone else's field by accident, he will pay for the grain he has ruined.
• If a man wants to throw his son out of the house, he has to go before a judge and say, "I don't want my son to live in my house anymore." The judge will find out the reasons.
• If the reasons are not good, the man can't throw his son out.
• If the son has done some great evil to his father, his father must forgive him the first time. But if he has done something evil twice, his father can throw him out.
• If a thief steals a cow, a sheep, a donkey, a pig, or a goat, he will pay ten times what it is worth.
• If he doesn't have any money to pay with, he will be put to death.
• If a man puts out the eye of another man, then put his eye out.
• If he knocks out another man's tooth, then knock out his tooth.
• If he breaks another man's bone, then break his bone.
• If a doctor operates a patient and the patient dies, the doctor's hand will be cut off.
• If a builder builds a house, and that house collapses and kills the owner's son, the builder's son will be put to death.
• If a robber is caught breaking a hole into the house so that he can get in and steal, he will be put to death in front of that hole.
• If a son strikes his own father, his hands shall be cut off.

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Mr. Alphabet (1500BC)

With Copper and its harder brother Bronze and even harder cousin Iron, many things changed. Small gardens became large farms. Many things became easier to carry and store. Wells became deeper and buildings became taller and weapons became deadlier and cities became bigger with more people in them who had more time in the protected environment of cities to think and invent. One of the first things they invented was writing.

I was born as the son of a great king of Phoenicia. My father and mother always argued a lot. My mother accused my father of saying things that he claimed he never said. My father had the same problem with his administrators. He needed a reliable means for storing information that he dictated, for maintaining financial accounts and for keeping historical records. He also needed to put agreements, laws and commandments on record. He asked me if there was any way we could record the things he and other people said. I thought about that and suggested that he should do something similar to what he did to record information about hunting and fighting... by drawing it out in a picture. But how can you draw out the phrase "I already told you that 2 times 3 days ago"?


Numbers were easy to record. Words however were not so easy to record. I gathered the best thinkers I could find and set up a contest to solve this problem and promised the winner a great prize. There were many suggestions for recording the thousands of words we had.

One suggestion was to draw "pictures" of basic words that represented basic things. When more complex words were formed from variations of basic words, then the “pictures” were modified appropriately. This form of writing was very easy to learn to read, but because of the large numbers of words represented by the large number of pictures, it was very cumbersome to write.

Another suggestion was to draw what were called "symbols" for the syllables that formed the rhythm of spoken words. This form of writing was easier to read and write because there were fewer syllables than words. Many different words were made up by the same syllables ordered differently. It was also easier to draw symbols than it was to draw pictures. Many of the syllables were actually words in their own right. I realized that different syllables were made up of a relative small number of the same sounds I called "phonemes". There were only 4 types of sounds - those made by the throat, those formed by shaping the mouth, those formed by the lips, and those formed by the tongue. I assigned symbols for those sounds.

• Throat sounds "G" and "K”.
• Mouth sounds  "A", "E", "I", "O", "U", "H" and "Y".
• Lip sounds "M", "B", "P","F", and "V" and
• Tongue sounds "C","D", “L”, “N”, “R”, “S”, “T”, and "Z".

With around 20 symbols, I was able to record the sounds of the thousands of words in whatever language they were spoken.


The collection of symbols that I assigned to the sound of words became to be known as the "letters of the alphabet", named after me. All the words that could be recorded using the alphabet were listed. This collection of written words became to be known as the "dictionary". The recording of spoken words was called "writing". Writing was done by scratching or drawing the letters on any suitable material such as stone, clay, wood or leather. Writing made whatever priests and kings said go far beyond their voice and to be available long after they died.

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Amenhotep IV (1370BC-1340BC)

I was a king of Egypt and ruled for 17 years. During my reign, there was a serious outbreak of a plague that killed very many people and spread very wide. It was believed to have been caused by water fowl, pigs and humans living all very close together.

I was married and loved my wife Nefertiti very much. I struggled with the priests and their gods. My mother and I had a fanatical hatred of Ammon Ra, their chief god. I closed down all his temples and refused to claim myself a god. I changed my name from Amenhotep which meant "Ammon is Satisfied", to Akhenaten which means "living spirit of Aton". I changed my many gods to one single one called Aton, the mother and father of all humankind, and forbade any images to be made of him. I declared that he was not merely the supreme god, but the only god, and that I was the only intermediary between him and his people. Some people regarded me as being the son of Aton.

When I died, my son-in-law succeeded me and he reopened the temples I closed down and brought Ammon back to the people. In order to ensure that Ammon Ra was not going to be hijacked another time, the priests set up a new temple and an image of Ammon Ra. The statue was able to move its head and speak and was able to tell the future. They called it the "Oracle" and it was still functioning when Alexander visited and conquered Egypt 1,000 years later.

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Ramesses II (1303BC-1213BC)

I was commonly known as Ramesses the Great. I was regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. I led several military expeditions into foreign lands north and south of Egypt. In my late teens I became pharaoh. The early part of my reign was focused on building cities, temples and monuments. Early in my life, I embarked on numerous successful campaigns to conquer lands and secure Egypt's borders. My army totaled about 100,000 men and with them I strengthened and reestablished Egypt's former sphere of influence. I built factories to manufacture about 125 chariots and 750 shields per week. I had brought peace, maintained Egyptian borders and built great and numerous monuments across the empire. My country was more prosperous and powerful than it had been in nearly a century. I claimed to be god.


I was obsessed with building, building on a scale unlike almost anything before. In the third year of my reign I started the most ambitious building project after the pyramids that were built more than 1,300 years earlier. The population was put to work on changing the face of Egypt. The ancient temples were transformed, so that each one of them reflected honor to me as a symbol of my divine nature and power. I decided to externalize myself in stone, and so I ordered changes to the methods used by my masons. The elegant but shallow reliefs of previous pharaohs were easily transformed, and so their images and words could easily be obliterated by their successors. I insisted that my carvings be deeply engraved in the stone, which made them not only less susceptible to later alteration, but also made them more prominent in the Egyptian sun, reflecting my relationship with the sun god, Ra.

I constructed many large monuments. I built on a monumental scale to ensure that my legacy would survive the ravages of time. I used art as a means of propaganda for my victories over foreigners, which were depicted on numerous temple reliefs. I also erected more colossal statues of myself than any other pharaoh and usurped many existing statues by inscribing my own name on them. My residential palace even had its own zoo. I had made Egypt rich from all the supplies and riches I collected from other empires. We became rich enough to afford to free our Jewish slaves and let them leave with their leader Moses. I ruled for 66 years, had over 100 sons and countless daughters and was 90 when I died.

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Builder of the Trojan Horse (1190BC-1115BC)

The war originated from a quarrel between the Greek goddesses Athena, the goddess of wisdom and justice, Hera, the goddess of marriage and family, Aphrodite, the goddess of love and sexuality and Eris, the goddess of strife and discord. Eris gave Athena, Hera and Aphrodite an apple marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who judged that Aphrodite was the "fairest" and should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the daughter of Zeus, fall in love with Paris, who kidnapped Helen and took her to Troy. The Greeks, in an attempt to recapture Helen, besieged the city for 10 years. After the deaths of many Greek heroes, including Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojan heroes Hector and Paris, the end of the war came and Troy fell with one final plan.

Odysseus, the Greek general devised a plan. The plan was to build a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans, with 7 Greek soldiers hidden inside it. It was built by me. The rest of the Greek army burned their camp and pretended to sail home but instead stayed hiding nearby. When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone, believing the war was over; they joyfully dragged the horse inside the city. They debated what to do with it. Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks, others thought they should burn it, while others said they ought to keep it as a war trophy. The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration. When everyone was drunk and asleep, the 7 Greek soldiers hiding inside the horse emerged and killed the guards. They opened the city gates allowing the Greek army in to massacre the sleeping population. The Greeks slaughtered the Trojans except for some of the women and children whom they kept and sold as slaves and desecrated the temples. The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils. Few of the Greeks returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to the surviving Trojans who fled to Italy. 

The war has been described by the Greek poet Homer in his poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", and by Roman poets Virgil and Ovid. Odysseus' 10 year journey home is described in "The Odyssey". Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Greeks. There Odysseus had many adventures, including the famous encounter with the Cyclops, a race of giants, each with a single eye in the middle of their foreheads. Odysseus' ships were destroyed, and all his men perished. Odysseus was washed ashore and lived there with the nymph Calypso, the daughter of the Titan Atlas. After 7 years, the gods decided to send Odysseus home on a small raft. Once back home, Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar. He eventually reunited with his wife, Penelope.

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Solomon (1000BC-900BC)

I was a king of Israel and the youngest son of David. I had a bloody start when I was made king. Just as bloody as my father's. I even killed my brother when I suspected that he was after my throne. I lived on the high road leading to the Red Sea, and beyond. Many daughters of kings and other influential families proposed marriage with me and I accepted all of them. They were so beautiful and so wealthy and influential. How could I refuse them? They all brought their own gods which I had to accept as my own. My wives were all so very convincing. They told me that before they would let me inside into their hearts, I would have to accept their gods into my heart. With a deal like that, how could I refuse? Many of my many priests accused me of flirting with religions.

People accused me of being too extravagant, but without extravagance, I could not have attracted one marriage proposal. After all I could afford to be extravagant. During my long reign of 40 years, my kingdom gained its highest splendor and wealth. But I suppose I was too extravagant. I eventually bankrupted my country and forced it to split apart into Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Israel and Judah became so weak that we were conquered and enslaved and deported into faraway lands 300 years later.

I built a very big palace, as big as some cities and inside I built a temple dedicated to my father's god Jehovah. It was considered as a wonder. I don't really know why as it was very small. My bedroom was bigger. People 3,000 years after I died imagined it to be much bigger. It only lasted 400 years. Just before it was destroyed, it got on the "list of the 7 wonders of the world" compiled by the tourist offices of all lands. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it and removed all traces of it.

One day 2 women came before me to resolve a quarrel over which was the true mother of a baby. When I suggested they should divide the living child in two with a sword, one woman said she would rather give up the child than see it killed. I then declared the woman who showed compassion to be the true mother, and gave the baby to her. I became a favorite author and contributor of different kinds of wisdom literature, including not only the collections of Proverbs, but also of Ecclesiastes and the Songs of Solomon that was included in the Bible. I had 700 wives and 300 concubines. My wives, including the pharaoh's daughter, were a collection of foreign princesses who succeeded to lead me away from my god by turning my heart after other gods – the gods of my wives.

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Draco (650BC-601BC)

I was born in Greece in 650 BC and lived to be 49 years old. I was the first legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. I belonged to the Greek nobility of Attica. I established my legal code during the 39th Olympiad, in 622 BC. It served as the first written constitution of Athens. My laws replaced the prevailing system of oral laws and blood feuds by a written code to be enforced only by a court. So that no one would be unaware of them, they were posted on wooden tablets where they were preserved for almost 2 centuries. They were written on steles shaped as 3-sided pyramids which could be pivoted along the pyramid's axis so that any side could be read.

My written laws became known for their harshness. For example, any debtor whose status was lower than that of his creditor was forced into slavery. The punishment was more lenient for those owing debt to a member of a lower class. The death penalty was the punishment for even minor offenses. For many thousands of years, laws that were severely harsh and unforgiving were referred to as "draconian" in honor of me.

I died in a theater when in a traditional show of approval, my supporters threw so many hats and shirts and cloaks on my head that I suffocated. I was buried in that same theater.

Shortly after I died, many philosophers, statesmen and law-givers who were renowned for their wisdom were greatly influenced by me. In particular were 7 sages each of whom represented an aspect of worldly wisdom. They in turn were very influential during their lives. Each of them were known and remembered for their sayings, which greatly influenced Greek philosophers many hundreds of years later. Each of the 7 sages represented an aspect of worldly wisdom which was summarized by the following aphorisms which embodied a general truth.

• "moderation is the best thing",
• "keep everything with moderation",
• "you should not desire the impossible",
• "most men are bad"
• "know thyself,"
• "you should know which opportunities to choose",
• "be farsighted with everything".

My draconian laws were repealed a hundred years after I died.

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Cyrus II (600BC-530BC)

I was commonly known as Cyrus the Great. From the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Indus River in the east, I created the largest empire the world had yet seen. I was known as the king of the four corners of the world. I was the first ruler in history to give my subjects freedom of opinion and other basic rights. I was the first to have written a charter declaring basic human rights. I wrote the charter on a barrel-shaped cylinder of baked clay measuring about 20cm by 10cm. The text allowed exiled peoples, such as the Jews, to return to their original homelands. The text referred to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples.

I respected the customs and religions of the lands I conquered. I headed a centralized administration with a hierarchy. My empire was divided into manageable provinces that were governed by appointed governors. The provinces were further divided into smaller districts each governed by local popular politicians. This system allowed local subjects to be properly represented and worked to the advantage and profit of all.

I was direct descendant of Achaemenes who ruled Persia, later known as Iran, a hundred years before. After my birth, my grandfather had a dream that I would eventually overthrow him. He then ordered his steward to kill me. Instead of killing me himself, the steward gave me to a herdsman and his wife and ordered them to leave me to die in the mountains. Luckily, the herdsman and his wife had a child my age who had recently died and they took pity on me and raised me as their own. I later returned and was able to claim my royal position.

I died in a fierce battle with a tribe from the southern deserts who fought on horseback and on foot. I first sent an offer of marriage to their queen which was rejected. She instead challenged me to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting me to a location in her country a day's march from the river, where the 2 armies would formally engage each other. I accepted her offer, but, learning that her soldiers were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, I took my best soldiers with me leaving the least capable ones with lots of wine. Her troops killed the group I left behind and finding the camp well stocked with food and the wine, feasted and drank until they were too drunk to stand up straight. I then returned and slaughtered them. Thinking that it was all over we laughed and drank until we could not stand up straight. When the queen learned what happened, she led a second wave of troops into battle herself and killed most of my soldiers. I was captured and she cut my head off. My methods of fighting and ruling were widely adopted many centuries after I died.

My reign lasted 29 years. I was succeeded by my son, Cambyses II, who managed to add to my empire by conquering Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule.

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Herodotus (485BC-425BC)

I was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the fifth century. I have been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.

I was born to a wealthy and influential family. The town I was born in was within the Persian Empire and I heard local eye-witness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece. My family was involved in an uprising when I was young and we were exiled on the island of Samos for a while. It was an international port within the Persian Empire and my family had contacts in countries under Persian rule. Later in my life when I reached adulthood, these contacts greatly facilitated my travels and my researches. I was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of my work.

Ever since I was a boy, my favorite subject was history and geography. I read all about them that there was to read. As soon as I was old enough to travel, I traveled. I visited all the best known tourist places like Egypt and Babylon. There I came to know not just leading citizens, but also the local topography. The 2,000 year old pyramids in Egypt for me were the very best vacations I ever had. I learned a lot about the pyramids when I was there. Much more than what I learned about them by reading about them. So I decided to travel the world and write about it as I saw it with my own eyes and sketch it with my own hands. I became an investigating reporter searching out the truth and writing it all down accurately for others to read about. I tried to make it all funny and simple and like a story that even children could appreciate and understand. I was a man of leisure, of independent ways that had the time to travel, to think and to read and write.

I went from church to church and talked to the priests who were the keepers of all knowledge. I asked questions, and got answers. I believed that we could learn from the past. I felt that I was free and privileged. I was free to travel and never had to worry about ever being without a roof and without food or drink. I was thankful for my wealth that gave me everything, and felt very sorry for the slaves whose only freedom was their freedom to think.

Just as Homer drew extensively on a tradition of oral poetry, sung by wandering minstrels, I have drawn on story-telling, collecting and interpreting the oral histories I found on my travels. These oral histories often contained folk-tale motifs and demonstrated a moral, yet they also contained substantial facts relating to geography, anthropology and history, all compiled in an entertaining style and format. It is on account of the many strange stories and the folk-tales I reported that my critics branded me 'The Father of Lies'. I returned to Athens and I took my finished work straight to the Olympic Games and read them to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it.

I provided much intriguing information about the nature of the world and the status of science during my lifetime. I was told that the annual flooding of the Nile was said to be the result of melting snows far to the south. I could not understand how there could be snow in Africa, the hottest part of the known world. Phoenician sailors told me that they circumnavigated Africa and described a continent with a magnificent civilization that was later called India. I also reported on a species of fox-sized, furry "ants" that lived in India in the desert covered by a layer of fine gold dust when digging their mounds and tunnels. The people collected the precious dust by capturing these ants. Thousands of years later it was confirmed that in an isolated region of northern Pakistan, there exists a species of marmot that are covered by gold dust when they dig their underground burrows.

I died when I was 60 years old during an outbreak of a plague.

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Gautama Buddha (600BC)

“Thousands of candles can be lighted from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened. Happiness never decreases by being shared“.

My father was the king of Nepal. My mother died giving me birth under a tree on her way home. It was considered a miracle by most that I survived. I was a very sensitive child. My father warned that I should not venture outside the palace because I would be devastated by all the suffering I would see. All my life I was shielded from human misery. At age 30 I saw suffering for the first time. It gave me nightmares, and I could not find inner peace. I tried everything to ease my deep sufferings. I went to wise men who claimed that the mind must be purified by fasting, self-denial, and self-torture. They claimed that suffering is punishment for sins. So I left my family and went far away to live a solitary life trying to cleans my soul of my sins.

But despite following this cleansing ritual I felt worse than before. I came to believe that suffering was caused by people confusing their wants with their needs. I had everything and wanted nothing but inner peace. And there were poor sick men who had nothing and needed everything. Thru meditation I saw that we would all suffer less if we accepted what we were given by god and not to want anything else, believing what we are given is what we really need.

I came to see suffering as the inevitable consequence of greed, and the best way to ease inner suffering was to live a lifestyle of not wanting what you don't need. It was easy for me as I had everything I needed.

I spent a life time trying to find means of achieving inner peace on demand. I found a very simple technique. I called it meditation. It was like sleep without sleeping where afterwards your mind is clear and fresh and could deal with all daily sufferings - physical and mental. I found a lotus position that helped me empty my mind of all desires and reach meditative states so peaceful that people thought I was dead. My muscles hardened like ice and my heart softened like water and my mind evaporated like steam and I felt no hunger thirst or pain. I was invincible to temptation. This behavior greatly impressed all those who witnessed my meditations. Soon I had a group of followers who regarded me as a god.

I preached that suffering is an inherent part of existence and that the origin of suffering is desire and greed.

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Aristotle (384BC-322BC)

"All men by nature desire knowledge".

There was a call to reincarnate into a wealthy family with close contacts to the best philosophers in the land. I applied and got accepted.

The quest for knowledge reached a peak. A new breed of men called philosophers evolved. They were usually from rich families who had time to contemplate about anything they wanted to. Morals of what is good and bad, true or false, right or wrong, were discussed in length. It was held that morals are knowable by inquiry and intuition. It was observed that our senses can and do deceive us. It was believed that we use reason to understand the world around us that we do not directly sense. The quest was to collect, analyze, and interpret information, with the aim to understand it.

My father was the doctor of the king of Macedonia. He was also doctor to many of the king's family and friends. They were all very influential and learned men and women from all walks of life. Among the group were men that made their livelihood advising the king on all matters. They called themselves philosophers, or lovers of knowledge. They would spend most of their time talking, discussing, debating, and arguing about all the different things they could think of. My father was invited to attend, and he would spend many hours listening to them. I was with him from the time I was 3 years old. I was the only child at these meetings, and the philosophers cherished me being there. Whenever I was absent, they reminded my father to take me with him the next time.

I got to know the philosophers like my family. When I was 10 years old, both my parents suddenly died and I was left an orphan. The king and his group of philosophers adopted me. The more I listened, the more I learned. I asked a lot of questions and some of my questions caused very long discussions and debates. I impressed all of the philosophers so much that they started asking me questions. And they would listen to my explanations. With time I started to discuss and debate with them.

When I turned 18 I was sent to Athens to attend university there. I became so well respected that the king asked me to be his son's tutor. I claimed that knowledge must be sought, captured, and accumulated, like it was food for the soul. I taught Alexander, later called Alexander the Great, that knowledge is the ultimate power. I taught him to ride a horse when he was 13 years old. He ended up being a horse lover and had many horses that he was able to ride hands-free. He then taught his soldiers the art of horsemanship and used the horses to seek and conquer faraway lands. Under my tutelage Alexander achieved great things. He found knowledge from far away civilizations and accumulated it in great libraries for all mankind to exploit.

I claimed that money is not a commodity of trade but rather a law of measure. I claimed money should not be equated with wealth but rather considered a human right. While money is only a measurement of the value of products and services, wealth is an accumulation of commodities that money buys. Accumulating money keeps money out of circulation and blocks its flows thru society.

I claimed that we can gain understanding by investigation and extrapolation of our observation by reason and logic. As an example I concluded that the sun revolved around the earth by observing it during the day and extrapolating its movement during the night. By observing an apple and a leaf fall I concluded that heavy objects fall faster than light objects.

I was very curious and would try everything. I died at the age of 62 from eating berries that unfortunately tasted very good but proved to be very poisonous.

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Qin Shi (259BC-210BC)

I was born to become king of a very small kingdom called Qin when I was 13 years old. Setting out to conquer the remaining independent kingdoms, one by one, I succeeded and became the first emperor of a unified China. I survived various assassination attempts and ruled until I died when I was 49. I undertook gigantic projects. I built various sections of the Great Wall of China and developed an extensive network of roads and canals connecting the provinces to improve trade between them.

I unified China by standardizing Chinese script which differed from place to place. In order to remove examples of obsolete scripts, I ordered most existing books to be burned. It was a purge on what I considered wasteful and useless literature. Most were classics of Confucius. I had some 460 scholars buried alive for owning the forbidden books although I myself had them in my own library which was burned down a few years after I died. Books on astrology, agriculture, medicine, divination, and history of my home state were exempt from being burned.

I unified China economically by standardizing the Chinese units of measurements. I abolished all forms of local currency and introduced a uniform copper coin. All measurements such as weights, distances, and currency were based on the number 16 and 12. Even the lengths of the axles of carts were standardized to facilitate transport on the road system.

I feared death and desperately sought the fabled elixir of life, which would supposedly allow me to live forever. I sent Taoist alchemist Xu Fu with 500 young men and 500 young women to the eastern seas to find the elixir, but they never came back.

The best I could do to achieve immortality was to build for myself a city-sized mausoleum that was buried underground. It was guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army made of ceramic pieces of over 8,000 soldiers with 40,000 real bronze weapons, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses to protect me in the afterlife from evil spirits. It took 700,000 men and 38 years to construct my mausoleum. Construction started when I was 13 and finished 2 years after I died. Most of the workmen who built the tomb were killed to keep the details of it secret.

One year before I died, a large meteor fell nearby. An unknown person inscribed the words "The First Emperor will die and his land will be divided" on that meteor. When I heard of this, I sent an imperial secretary to investigate this prophecy. No one would confess to the deed, so all the people living nearby were put to death. The stone was then burned and pulverized. I died due to ingesting mercury pills, made by my alchemists and court physicians to make me immortal. My son who succeeded me was not very capable. Revolts quickly erupted. His reign was a time of extreme civil unrest. Everything built by me except my mausoleum with its Terracotta army crumbled away within a short period.

2,200 years later when Mao Zedong was compared to me, he said. "Qin Shi buried 460 scholars alive; we have buried 46,000. You intellectuals revile us for being Qin Shi. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi a hundredfold."

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Soap and Candle maker (209BC-170BC)

I was born to a family of soap makers in China. My father made soaps and so did his father. In fact the family soap making business went back as far as my father's great great grandfather who learned the soap making trade from a man who claimed to come from a faraway land called Babylon.

To make my soaps, I cooked liquid oils and solid fats in a special water ash mixture I called "lye" which was concentrated by repeatedly soaking, filtering and cooking it in ashes from burned hard wood until the lye was very corrosive and a raw egg was able to float in it. I then cooked the melted fats and oils in the lye until it curdled like cheese in milk. I called these curdles in my soup, "soap". It was as if salts crystallized out of my soup. My soaps were much in demand as they removed otherwise impossible to remove greases and oils from dirty hands, clothes and pots.

We also used to make candles by collecting bees wax emptied of their honey. We rolled the bees wax into a cylinder around a cotton string we called a “wick”. When the wick was lit with a fire, it burned slowly with a flame that gave off a beautiful light. Our candles were so much in demand that I could not find enough bees nests for all of the wax that I needed. I experimented with fats that we used to make our soaps. I took the very hard fats found around the kidneys of sheep or cows that we called "suet" that were not so suitable for soap making. I repeatedly melted, simmered, strained and cooled the suet until it turned into a much harder material resembling melted bees wax. I called this fat "tallow". I then repeatedly dipped my wicks into melted tallow and let it harden until the wick was dressed in layers of hardened tallow. I was able to make candles that were so exactly the same and burned so consistently with the same speed that they were used as devices to measure time. Markings were marked down the sides of my candles and as the candles burned down, elapsed time could be clearly displayed. This way, the speed of certain activities could be accurately measured.

Thousands of years after I died, oils and fats buried deep in the earth called petroleum were discovered. Men learned to pressure cook these earth oils so that they curdled like cheese in milk. They called these curdles "paraffin wax" from which they made candles that burned with less smoke than the candles made with tallow.

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Mr. North (169BC-105BC)

I was born to a family of iron workers. My father made iron bars. The bars were straight and longer than the height of our cave. My job as a young boy was to help my older brother hang the red hot iron bars up by their middle points so they would cool. We used a thin iron rope we called a "cable" that was attached to the low ceiling in the cave. We found to our amazement that once the bars were suspended and free to turn, they would eventually always all ended up pointing in the same direction. We then made very thin miniature iron bars that were shaped like boats and floated in water. They were small and light enough to carry around and enabled people to navigate on cloudy days and nights without having to rely on the sun and the stars.

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Julius Caesar (100BC-44BC)

In my next life I was born to become a Roman general, statesman, Consul and notable author of Latin prose and a dictator. I was deemed to be one of the greatest military commanders who ever lived. I played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. Crassus, one of the richest men who ever lived, Pompey and I formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Our attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate. My conquest of France extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. I became the first Roman general to cross both when I built a bridge across the Rhine and sailed across the channel to invade Britain.

I got to know Cleopatra the queen of Egypt who was considered a goddess. Soon after that, I also started to consider myself a god. One year later I was made dictator for life, I was assassinated by a group of my friends, my strongest supporters, who found my divine aspirations intolerable. Public opinion was so strongly against them for having assassinated me that they had to flee for their lives and their houses were burned down. After I was killed, I was officially deified, the first Roman to be considered a god.

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NEXT:
0AD->1000AD Nero, Hadrian, Mani, Attila, Aryabhata, Bang Gun, Bank Poo
https://andrewvecseyfileslivesofjoeova.blogspot.com/2020/02/chapter-3.html

9000BC->2300BC

musical family
animal keeper
exterminator
pot maker
time keeper
beggar
painter (40,000BC)
fire keeper (30,000BC)
Pottery maker (30,000BC)
priest (15,000BC)
gardener (14,000BC)
Native Indian (10,000BC)
Jericho (9000BC)
tower of Babel (6000BC)
copper pot (5000BC)
Brewer (3700BC)
bronze wheel (3600BC)
glass (3400BC)
Stonehenge (3000BC)
pyramid (2500BC)
Star Gazer (2500BC)
Silk (2400BC)
Olmec (2300BC)

A Few short lives of Dr Joe Ova
Interview:

There was a light glimmering on the high ceiling above the bed that was like a curtain of light unfolding to show a starry sky. The hazy light with all different colors focused into forms with different shapes. There was a murmur in the air around the still body laying on the bed. The hum turned to a buzz and to familiar words. “Joska madàrkàm”. A feeling of Deja vu enveloped Joe.  He had heard these words before, so very very long ago. Images of his childhood were surfacing from the depths of his long buried memories. 

He awakened as if from a coma and slowly realized that he was with his son Chris in a crowded room. Many people were there celebrating and rejoicing. Looking into their faces and into their eyes, he could not recognize any one except for Chris. He was in a bed covered in a white robe. Everyone else standing around him wore similar white robes. He knew he was in heaven and recognized it as his home. He was back home.

Most of the welcoming committee were people reported to be his ancestors. He was introduced to his grandmother who looked just like he remembered her 4000 years ago when she refused to get baptized or to open a Heaven Inc. account. She committed suicide. 

“Joska madàrkàm”, she whispered in Joe's ear. “I am so glad that I am not away on a life and I am here at home with you celebrating your long awaited return.”

“Grandmama, you are just like I remember you.” Joe uttered. 

“We missed you so much” she replied.

Chris was unable to wait any longer and jumped in giving his father a hug and tugged at his long white beard. “Welcome home Dad”. 

“How is Lucy doing?” Joe asked. Chris's face turned suddenly pale.

“I'm afraid I have some bad news” Chris stuttered. “Mom won't be coming home. She has been incarcerated for life along with a few of her followers. After they executed you for killing me, Mom started a movement of followers who started to kill their own children to have their brains disconnected. Gabriel was able to use his influence and to prohibit, on humanitarian grounds, the death penalty. Lucy and her 12 followers were instead charged in court and sentenced to serve life terms in a high security prison they built just for them called Hell Inc.

The second interview from Heaven 

Now, for the first time ever, Dr. Ova and his lives are featured on our program. The last time he was here in his body, when he discovered heaven - the very first man to do so and enter without dying. He not only discusses his past life that lasted 10,000 years, but now that he has freed himself from Heaven Inc. and died, he is now free to discuss all his other lives. As you already know, Dr. J Ova has been the most influential soul in humanity's growth. He made long lasting contributions to the taming of fire, playing of music, domesticating of animals, using of money and the development of technology. He finally reached such high levels as to be able to find heaven our only real home without dying.

We are very thankful for our sponsor NERA -The New Earth Reincarnation Agency. NERA offers reincarnations to new-man on new earth in the new universe, created by Dr. Ova. We are proud and pleased to have his soul back home with us. So without further delay, we proudly present ...... 

Very influential early lives.

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A musical family

In one of my lives, I was born the son of a very poor man in the mountains. He was a soldier hired to guard the possessions of a very rich man. He employed a few soldiers to help him and equipped them with drums instead of spears. He taught them to whistle very loudly as well as shout strange aggressive sounds. This proved very effective in scaring away any intruders, as the sound of a few drummers yelling and whistling sounded like an entire army. He also developed a very large horn made from a hollowed piece of wood that made such a sound that it could be heard from very far away and was used to signal any approaching intruders long before they reached our caves. My father became very wealthy and he had very many children. 

My mother had a beautiful voice and used her voice to imitate any animal you could think of. She had many children who learned her skills and who made very many special sounds just with their voices. 

I was born to the sound of singing. My mother and my 10 brothers and sisters were humming and whistling and singing in beautiful harmony on my birth. When I was old enough to walk, I would dance to their singing. My mother told me I sang before I talked and danced before I walked. 

We became very famous as we were so good. People from far away would hire us to entertain them. We charmed kings and their family and their friends from many faraway lands. I grew up in a traveling show entertaining people on the road. 

When I got older my wife used many objects that made interesting sounds that I could sing to. She blew into shells and reeds while our many children vibrated stretched strings of animal gut and banged on stretched sheets of leather and hollow wooden boxes. I was able to continue our family entertainment business into a second generation. I lived to be a very old and happy man playing music with my great grandchild who was 6 years old when I died. 

He was a child super star. He could dance and sing in a special way that captivated the audience. He could look like he was walking forward while actually walking backward. He could jump high up and momentarily look like he was hanging in the air. 

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The daughter of an animal keeper

My next reincarnation was to the daughter of an animal keeper. My father kept many kinds of animals. Over many years he collected and raised so many different kinds of animals that he eventually built a zoo and people from all over came to visit to see and study his animals. 

He had a herd of cattle with a bull and 3 cows providing milk and producing calves for meat. He had a rooster and 7 hens providing eggs and producing chicks which he sold. He had a pack of dogs with a litter of pups every year which he bred. He had a big pond filled with schools of fish and colonies of frogs that attracted flocks of birds that built their nests nearby. He kept a swarm of bees in a hive producing honey. He had 4 horses, a stallion for working and a mare with a filly and a colt for riding. He even had deer for the children visitors; a stag, a doe and her 2 fawns. 

Camels were especially difficult to keep as they were very stubborn and resolute and proud, so they were very difficult to control. 

I developed a very close bond with the animals my father raised. I could herd camels just by waving my hands and showing my presence. Our camels and sheep were so tame that I was able to milk them. The milk turned into a delicious curd when left out in the sun. The curd would dry and harden to a tasty meal that did not spoil. My father had such tame animals that he became very successful in breeding them for other people. I was able to tame big animals to pull machines to plough the earth for planting in spring and to carry the heavy harvests reaped in fall. These tamed work animals eventually helped people over many generations to domesticate wild plants. One man, with one horse, could plough land and reap crops that needed more than 20 men before. 

Once men were freed from gathering and hunting, they congregated in larger and larger tribes, groups, and communities, to do other things with their lives other than hunt and farm. They were freed to pursue their dreams. And with time and many generations communities grew to cities and cities exploited other cities forming empires causing civilizations to blossom. I died long before cities ever formed, leaving behind 5 children.

It was at the peak of my career. I had become a famous performer entertaining visiting kings of far-away lands with my tamed animals. One day during a show I unexpectedly died when my elephant fell on me. 

One of my grandsons tamed camels to be ridden. He trained them to make great voyages over what were before deserted and uncrossable deserts. He discovered a great sea with a few very big cities along the coast. He brought back with him many new materials and ideas from people living on the other side of the desert. He eventually set up a caravan route and transported trade between the coast on the great sea, and the fertile valleys on the other side of the vast desert. He ended up trading dried fruit and sugar for dried fish and salt.

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The exterminator 

In my next life, my father was a harvester of grain and one year he lost more grain to mice than he was able to keep for himself. I was his only daughter. I was able to domesticate small desert wildcats by feeding them milk and winning their trust with affection. Their presence kept the mice away. Later the granary was invaded by termites, and I was able to use a special method to save the wood from being destroyed. Instead of trying to kill the millions of termites, I found their nest and kill only the one huge one who was laying all the eggs. I observed that like ants and bees, the entire colony of these insects had only one insect who stayed in the nest to breed. The other insects were just specialized to work in bringing in materials and food for all the hatching eggs. 

I lived near mineral hot springs that left a white powdered salt that some people used to flavor and preserve food. By accident I mixed sugar and this salt together as they looked so alike. The next morning the opened jar was filled with dead cockroaches. The sugar attracted them and the salt killed them. I became a very well-known person sought after by many people with pest problems. One day I was bitten by a rabid dog and suffered a painful death.

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The daughter of a pot maker

I was born to a father who made pottery. His pottery was as round as he was able to form it by hand, with some rounder than others. My mother had the idea of putting the clay on a spinning table to make them spin so they could be formed and shaped more round and symmetric. My brothers who were carpenters were able to make such a table. It was not easy to make the spinning table as it had to spin very fast. My brothers saw that the wooden axle at the point of spin would get so hot that it started to smoke. Eventually it would get so hot that we could start fires from it. We sold a few of these “fire makers” to fire keepers.

We eventually crafted an axle made of clay. The table was heavy and turned rapidly and smoothly without causing any fires. My father started making round hollow thin vases that were so round and symmetrical as have never been seen before. Before burning theses vases in the oven I drew pictures on them. People thought our vases were so beautiful that with time our family became well respected potters making bowls and vases for kings and their families. 

My heart was more into wool and plant fiber and weaving it into thread and rope. I would use the thread to sew smaller pieces of leather together to make large blankets. Then I started to spin thread thicker and thicker. All this was very tedious to do by hand as it needed a lot of spinning. When I saw my brothers make the spinning table for the clay vases, I asked them to make me a spinning wheel for my wool and fibers. My children as they grew up helped me work my spinning wheels. We became very successful for our fine threads, strings, and strong ropes. Long after I died, my great-great-grandson developed a wooden machine that wove threads into cloth. He ended up making fine fabrics and clothing from silk for kings and their families. 

My husband became an ink maker. He produced black ink from charcoal. I often imagined how nice it would be to have colored ink, especially for my fibers. He experimented with various plants, pulverizing them in alcohol to make different colored inks to dye my wool and fibers. My son later found out that colored rocks can be dissolved in plant oils to give an ink that water cannot erase. I lived to see my grandson become a painter so well respected, that the king hired him to paint the walls of his cave.

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The son of a time keeper

In my next life, my father was the king's timekeeper. Every day my father would have to sound bells at 12 intervals starting from sunrise to sunset and 12 more intervals during the night from sunset to sunrise. The king at first thought that because we have only 10 fingers, 10 intervals should be used. My father convinced the king that 12 is a better number to use because 10 could be divided by only 2 and 5, while 12 could be divided by 2, 3, 4, and 6. 

He used the position of the sun during the day and the stars during the night to determine when he should signal the time intervals. As long as the sky was clear, he had no problems, but whenever the sky was cloudy, he had to guess at the precise time the bells should be sounded. A few times when the sky suddenly cleared it was clear that he guessed wrong and it caused the king to get angry and my father to get scared and my mother to get worried.

So when I was about 15 years old my father had this great idea that at first I did not like at all. He claimed that he could count time precisely without sun or stars but by simply counting numbers. He had me move stones from one pile to another and timed me with the sun. Whenever the sun or stars were covered I would start to move my pebbles. By counting the number of pebbles, my father could calculate and estimate how much time passed. And for every notch on the sundial, I moved 100 stones. This method of measuring time proved so exact that my father was given praise and a bonus for his accuracy. 

When I was a young man and I was moving pebbles one dark day I must have dropped my water jug too hard on the ground. When the sun came out after a few hours and I could stop, I noticed that my water jug was just about empty of water because the jug got cracked when it fell on the ground and the water was slowly leaking out. It then dawned on me that I could use dripping water to count time instead of moving pebbles. By the time I was an adult I made a device that dripped water all day and night into a deep narrow transparent glass container. I calibrated the container with levels in the same way that sundials were calibrated. My container however showed hours and minutes during day and night independent on the weather. The king was very happy with my invention. He allowed my family to continue to be his time keepers, but instead of moving pebbles, we made time keeping machines for the king's family and friends. With time, we made better and smaller timers using sand instead of water. 

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The son of a beggar

Next, I was born a very poor beggar's son and ended up to be a very rich thief. My father was blind and as a small thin child I was sent out with him to beg in the wealthy neighborhoods. I thought it easier to steal for an hour in the night than to beg for the entire day, so I became a burglar. I was small and thin enough to squeeze between the bars of iron gates in windows and I stole gold, jewelry, gems and other valuables. I grew very agile and could climb the highest and most fortified walls. As I grew older and bigger I could no longer fit into the small cracks in people's homes, so I taught my children all of my skills. Before long we were the best crooks in the city and were able to buy whatever we wanted. 

My wife got tired of my being away most nights and suggested I offer to insure people's wealth from being stolen and to protect it instead of stealing it. When my sons grew older, they built a house like a fortress and offered rich people a safe place to keep their gold jewelry and other valuables and to ensure their safety from being lost. 

We had a great amount of gold that we had stolen many years before. One of my daughters suggested that we melt the gold and mold small pieces with pictures of the king. My gold pieces were so sought after by people that they gradually changed from being a collector's item to a medium for paying for goods and services, and for settling debts. Soon no one was able to trade without using our gold molded pieces people called “money”. 

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The painter (40,000 BC)

In my next life, I became a great hunter and developed a way to kill huge animals that could otherwise not be killed before. My trick was to chase animals into a narrowing canyon with noise made of drums and screams until the animals fell down the cliffs at the end of the canyon. In order that this knowledge could be preserved after my family and I died, I took powdered colored rocks and crystals, blood, mud, charcoal and extracts from plants and flowers and sketched and painted scenes showing this hunting method on the wall of a cave, deep inside protected from the elements of eroding wind, rain and plant growth. The picture not only showed the map of where the canyon was, but also showed how the animals fell off of the cliff as they were chased by men waving sticks and beating their drums. 

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The son of a fire keeper (30,000 BC)

Mankind was like a child playing with fire. 

Playing with fire was like playing with the sun. And the sun was seen by man like a god who sustained life. Man with fire was an enlightened man - ready for us souls, ready for me. 

There was an opening for a reincarnation to a family of a fire keeper whom I have been observing with great interest. What interested me most was that it was in a location with many materials nearby ready to be discovered. A bed of pure clay lay by the shores of a winding river entering into a pristine lake filled with fish. A large meteorite full with iron lay in the creek that flowed into the river. Mineral rocks lay scattered washed by the waterfalls ready to be picked. A stretch of rapids exposed layers of coal beds ready to be burned. Up a meandering creek was a gushing stream exposing a bed of gold with nuggets glancing in the sun waiting to be found. A bubbling brook emptied into the stream with wild wheat all around ready to be harvested. Nearby there was a mineral hot spring with ponds of hot water ready for bathing in. 

I eagerly applied for this life and was accepted.

My grandfather was also a fire keeper all his life, just like his father was before him. I had 8 brothers and 10 sisters. My mother died after she gave me birth and I was raised up by my aunt who lived in the same cave. I remember my aunt warning me to stay away from the fires. She told me should I get too close, I would suffer greatly. If I should ever fall in, I would surly die. When I grew older, my main duty was to help my older brothers keep my father's 3 separate fires alive. My father made a living by bringing fire to other people. I would often go with him. He used clay pots of different sizes to hold red hot charcoals smoldering in a layer of white ash. 

The smaller pots were for shorter trips, and the larger ones for longer trips. Just before the burning charcoal died and vanished, my father started a new fire and refilled his clay pot and went further. He supplied fire to people as far away as a few days travel. People treated him with great respect. I was the youngest and as I did not have to look after anyone younger, I had plenty of time to play. I played a lot with fire. I made my own fireplace in secret, and made a dome out of clay to put over it to protect it from the rain. The fire in the dome burned hotter and longer than my father's fires. I felt like I had tamed it and had total control over it. 

I was curious and fed it material other than wood. I burned various flowers and plants. Inhaling the smoke of one hardy and fibrous sweet grass seemed to make my mind feel light as if it were blown and expanded to its limits. It gave me many other ideas to try out. I made a paste of wheat seeds and saw some rise in the hot sun like it was alive and breathing. I put this rising paste in my oven and it became light and fluffy to eat. When I cooked meat, it turned soft and oily and fatty and delicious. When I smoked meat, it would dry and keep from spoiling for many months. When I mixed oil with ash, I got globs of a slippery substance that lathered with water and cleaned grease and dirt off my hands very easily. The liquid that was left behind had the smell of wine and burned more quickly than kindling. Kindling, soaked in this wine, exploded in flames when set next to a red hot charcoal. 

I used my oven to burn wood slowly, having seen that charcoal burns hotter and longer. I made containers of clay with pictures drawn into them when wet. After they burned in the oven, they were hard and sturdy to hold water and the pictures I carved were permanently marked on them. My father used these pieces of permanently marked clay to trade with. He would give people these marked clay pieces for anything they might have that he wanted, promising that he would always redeem them as payment for his fire services. These clay pieces became a form of money that other people began to use. He became a banker, and then a trader of all items that people wanted to trade. He became very wealthy. 

I experimented with fire and even burned stone. I found that some rocks could be hammered to shape when red hot. One particular rock I heated red hot and hammered flat started to attract red sand dust like it was wet with water. I collected this red sand and heated them in the fire and made various shapes with it. They all stuck together like magic. When I balanced thin pieces of it by hanging them from string, they all swung to the same position and pointed in the same direction. When they were turned to face different directions, they would spring back to their original direction. My father used this whenever he would get lost on cloudy nights. He would balance a piece of my magic wire and let it swing to this one position which never changed wherever he was. This allowed him to travel on starless nights. From this magic sticking material I made many objects with many shapes. Some were very thin and sharp and were useful for cutting. Others were very thick and heavy and were useful for hammering. Others were like dishes that I used to melt sand in. 

I found that melted sand turns into a transparent rock that is very sharp and beautiful. I was able to polish a small piece into a pebble that focused bright sunlight into such a small spot that it would burn dried grass and start a fire. When I showed this to my father, he decided that instead of making clay pots to carry fire to his customers he would instead just carry the transparent pebble I made. We later started to sell these pebbles to people working for us as fires starters in distant places. I became very rich and had free time to make many things. I made everything from toys and weapons to tools. 

I melted other types of rock. Some melted easier than others, and had different properties of melting, hardness, and strength. I combined many metals until I found a few combinations that I found useful. I lived 40 years and had 10 children from 3 wives. One became a baker, and another became a jeweler. Two worked ceramics making ovens and utensils. Two became metal workers; one specialized in tools, and the other in weapons. When I died I did not stay too long in heaven. 

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Pottery maker (30,000 BC)

I discovered that if I took clay from a river bank and shaped it to a form, when I put it in the fire to cook, it became as hard as rock. I made various forms. I made little figures of our gods. It was a big seller as people believed that the figures kept them safe and brought them luck. As soon as one claimed his good luck came from the statue, others would tend to believe that also. And the more people were convinced, the more people bought my statues of clay. I also made cup shapes I called "jars" that could be used to drink from and keep berries in. The water and berries seemed to like my jars as they mixed quite well and produced a bubbly drink that made your head bubble and made you forget your hunger and worries for a while. 

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Padre, the priest (15,000 BC)

I was born to a mother who was very receptive to her intuitions. She raised me up to be hungry for knowledge. I did not keep all of this knowledge to myself. I shared it with others whenever we were sitting around the fire. People said that I was the best story teller and with my stories, I could make people either gasp with fright or shake with laughter. I knew so much and was able to do many things that others could not, I was considered a magician. I was able to stop hiccups and cure stomach aches. Some even claimed that I had brought them back from death. I knew of the plants that cured many of the ailments that people suffered from. People came to me from very far away to get healed. They asked me my opinions and followed my advice. 

They carved out caves and built me a grand house they called the "Temple" where I lived and housed a few of the best prostitutes. They clothed us in the finest skins and fed us the fattest meats. They expected me to solve all of their problems so I told them that I was just a priest, a representative of gods who were the ones that could solve all of their problems. I introduce them to many gods. The sun god was responsible to ensure that life goes on. His wife was the god of love and fertility and she helped us to be fruitful and to multiply. The hawk god looked over us from the sky and saw everything. The fire god kept us warm from the cold and safe from the wild animals and gave us light to see in the dark. 

One of my responsibilities was to determine when it was the best time to plant the seeds for the next harvest. To be able to do that, I studied the movement of the stars. I noticed that many stars formed patterns which slowly moved around up in heaven. There were many patterns, from hunters to the animals they hunted. Their dance was synchronized and cyclic. One of the patterns, the ram, was especially useful. He told me when to plant my plants to get a good harvest. I remembered where the ram in the sky was when I planted my plants and had a good harvest and waited the next year till he was back in that place in the sky to plant for the next harvest. 

I expected that if the stars can show us the best time to plant plants, then they can also show us when the best time was to plan plans. To make order to the gods in heaven, I placed 12 of them in 12 sections or "houses" in the sky and called them "constellations". 

After I died, my son became a very good gardener and a better fortune teller. 

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Cain the gardener (14,000 BC)

I was born to become a gardener. I hoed the earth with the toughest piece of sharp sticks I could find. I had a cellar dug deep into the earth where the plants we harvested the previous fall kept cool in the hottest of summer days. I provided our community with fruit and wine, and also vegetables and grains to make bread. 

While I stayed at home and farmed, my brother Abel traveled far away from home and hunted.. 

One day we both wanted to please our father Adam on his birthday. We decided to pool our efforts and make him a very special meal. I ground the wheat I had harvested after the grueling work of hoeing and watering and weeding. With flour, I made the most delicious breads and pastries. Able built a fire and grilled a lamb over it turning it occasionally between naps while I struggled the whole day baking and cooking the vegies. Father pigged out on the juicy roasted lamb and didn't even try any of my breads, vegies and pastries. Abel got all of the praise and credit as he usually did. I got so pissed off that I took my cane and was able to hit Abel over the head. He was hurt very badly and on his next hunt, he never came back. We found his dead body in the river a few weeks later. People thought that I had killed him. 

We all missed Abel and the games he hunted and shared with us. So I started to herd a flock of sheep to provide us with meat that we all liked so much. The animals we farmed also provided. milk to drink and to make yogurt, cheese, and butter, and also wool to wear for warmth and leather for our shoes and bags.

We were settlers and lived on the shores of rivers that provided enough water for our fields of crops. When our settlements had more than 150 people we dug irrigation canals to water lands that were dry and formed new settlement. We lived communal lives where we made love and multiplied. Because we made love to all the women who lets us make love to them, and communally supported all the children who were born and treated them all equally. We observed that mothers who made love with their grown up sons, and brothers who made love with their sisters, they often bore children who were handicapped and who died sooner than others who were born normal. Wise priests advised that if we should trade our men with men of other nearby settlements. We not only shared our children, but also share all that we had. 

When I died, I was so ashamed that I had killed my brother Abel, that I waited a very long time before taking on a new life. As if to chill out, I took on a life of a boy born to an Eskimo. 

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Native Indian (10,000 BC)

I was born in a nomad family just like my ancestors before me and my descendants who followed me. My ancestors wandered across great ice fields and found new lands that were empty of any people. They were very ingenious. They lived in houses made of snow called "igloos" and hunted seals for their clothing, food, and fuel. They made boats called “kayaks” out of the skins of the seals. My descendants gradually moved to warmer lands south reaching great forests and rivers which led to Great Plains covered by buffalo as far as the eye could see. They lived in houses called “teepees” made of the skins of the buffaloes they hunted. The teepees were warm in winter, cool in summer and could be easily and quickly rolled up and dragged along the ground to any new place. They built boats they called "canoes" out of the bark and tar of the birch trees they used to fuel their fires. The canoes were so light that they floated in very shallow rivers, even when fully loaded. The land was very vast and they used smoke to signal one another over great distances. By covering and uncovering the smoky fire, short and long billows of smoke rose high up in the air which was seen far far away. It took them many thousands of years to populate the entire continent called "North and South America". 

They revered nature. The land that they lived on was as vast and endless as the air they breathed and was as plentiful as the water they drank. The land contained a sea of buffalo herds that provided them with an endless source of food to eat and hides to use. Taking private ownership of land was foreign to them as owning the air was as foreign to the “white” nomads who came across the ocean and started to claim ownership of the lands they settled and overtook. 

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The settler in Jericho (9000 BC)

My last life as a wandering nomad was interesting, but for my next life, I chose one that was settled down. My great grandfather and his large family found a place that provided them fresh water the entire year to water the fertile gardens they tamed. There were many scattered stones lying around that we used for building our houses. With such favorable conditions, we were able to stop worrying about shortages and the need to move on, so we settled down and built permanent homes. We traded the freedom we had before for safety, shelter and regular meals. We never had so many people living so close together. 

People were put to work in groups. There were tool makers who made tools and there were builders and miners who harvested stones for them. Then there were farmers who domesticated plants and animals, tending gardens and herding cattle. There were fishermen and hunters who captured and sold fish and meat. Work efficiency increased to a point where a few farmers and fishermen could feed many in the city. Artists began to increase in numbers. Before long, soldiers, teachers and servants allowed a few privileged the time and the peace necessary for thinking and planning, painting and writing, and singing and dancing. 

When I died I was buried with my dog in a grave covered with limestone slabs. 

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Mr. Babel, the builder of the tower of Babel (6000 BC)

I was born the son of the chief librarian in Sumer in Mesopotamia. My father collected and stored all the clay tablets with all the statistics that were recorded on them. I became an architect and built the palaces for our king. We used bricks made of dried clay. I was known for building the highest tower ever built. It was known as the "Tower of Babel". It was about 200m high. We hired nomads who lived in the forests - the blue eyed and white skin barbarians called Aryans who came from the north looking for work. They had their own way of talking and we could not understand them and they could not understand us. In fact, it seemed that even among them they talked differently and they could not understand each other. 

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The copper pot maker (5000 BC)

In my next life, I found and collected green rocks at the bottom of a very deep pit near where we lived. My wife was a very talented cook. She roasted meat over the fire and cooked plant roots till they were soft to eat. I collected the rocks because they were so beautiful. I was so protective of these rocks, that I built a wooden house almost half as big as my own. My wife warned me that the gods would not be approving of such extravagance for my rocks. She thought that I should spend more time with her and my family and less time with my rocks. One day, my shed of rocks got hit by lightning and burned until there were only ashes and burned rock. The green rocks had turned black. When I piled up the shrunken remnants of my once green rocks, I noticed that the pile was noticeably smaller. I did not clean up the area for many years preferring to keep it as a memorial to the shed I was so proud of and so sad to have lost. 

My wife sympathized with my loss but was deep down happy that I no longer had the shed. She always nagged me to clean up the yard, especially the ash heap that kept blowing ashes all over the place when the winds got windy. After years of nagging, I finally decided to remove and dispose of the ash. It was very hard work as I had nothing to put the ash on to for carrying it away. I was almost ready to give up when I uncovered an orange colored thin flat sheet of a type of rock under the ash. By pulling on this sheet with the help of my friends, I was able to move the ash on top of it. I named this sheet "copper" and made many more by collecting green rocks and melting them over a huge fires in a deep pit. 

I hammered the sheets which were very malleable. They were more like leather than stone. I made pots for carry and storing water. It was only when a pot of water got too near a fire that we realized that we could cook water and make delicious hot soups in these pots. 

My family became very wealthy as everyone wanted such a pot and they were ready to trade anything my family needed and wanted. We all soon had everything we wanted. But while my family and I were always in need of the products and services provided by others, the others we traded with did not always need a pot, I made small pieces of my copper I called “coins” and when I needed to have something, people would take my small pieces as IOUs in the trust that they could exchange them for a pot whenever they needed one. My “coins” became so useful that people started to use them as barter for anything they wanted to buy or sell, knowing they can always trade them for my pots. My “coins” made trading for everyone, even for those not needing any pots, very efficient. 

I died 1 year before my wife gave birth to a beautiful baby boy, and decided to reincarnate in his life.

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Mr. Brewer (3700 BC)

My mother, who was my wife in my last life, had a restaurant where she cooked soups for the copper miners. She used the copper pots to cook the soups. She also used his copper pots to hold fruits that my family harvested. One day my mom asked me to cover the pot of fruits and to carry it down into the cellar where it was cold. I promised to do that for her but forgot and it was left it out in the sunshine for 3 days. When mom asked me to serve the dessert of fruits to the miners, I didn't have any other choice than to serve the frothing ruined fruits in the pot. I covered the froth up with cream and added in extra honey. I just hoped that nobody would end up either complaining of the foul taste or of a foul stomach. Boy was I surprise. The miners started to sing and laugh. And they asked me to serve the same dessert every day. We experimented with different fruits and grains. When we drank this drink, we all got a very nice bubbly feeling that lasted all night. 

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The inventor of bronze and the wheel (3600 BC)

My father was a copper pot maker who had a very nagging wife called Bronze. She did not like the noise of the workers hammering the copper sheets. She was as well annoyed by the smoke that came from the fires making the copper for the pots. She nagged my father to move the fire far away from the house. She nagged him for many years and her nagging greatly embarrassed him because his work colleagues started to make fun of him. In a moment of eureka, he realized that if he moved his fire far away from his wife, she would not nag so much and even if she did, his colleagues would not see and hear her. He moved up the valley and found a place which he thought would make a good base for his fire. It was on a moraine on the side of a glacier. To his surprise, the soft and malleable copper sheet he was expecting turn out to be stiff and hard. 

I made very many shapes with this metal which we called Bronze after my mother's name. With copper, it was not possible to make wheels that lasted long enough before getting worn down to make it worth their while to make them. Now with bronze, the wheels never got worn down and we were able to make the wheels very thin making them very light and easy to roll. My family got very prosperous. When my son started to make swords out of bronze, he got very powerful.

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The glass maker (3400 BC)

In my next life, I witnessed a lightning bolt hit a very big pile of wood on a pile of sand. It caught fire and burned for many days. The fire was so hot that we had to leave the area. When we went back to the place where the lightning struck, we saw that there were root-like rocks that were very smooth, hard and brittle under the ash. When this brittle rock broke, the edges were so sharp that it could cut thru the toughest leather very easily. What was as well amazing was that we could the see the light from the sun shine thru it. Around this root like material, the sand had turned into sheets of this strange and wonderful material. We found that when we burnt sand in a fire made hot by blowing a strong wind thru it, the sand melted into this strange material we called “glass”. We used the sharp edges from the broken pieces to cut leather and carve wood. 

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Mr. Aryan Stonehenge (3000 BC)

My ancestors came from very very far away. They were nomads who traveled following the sun in the direction that it set. I was a wheel maker. My wheels running over 2 tracks of rail carried very huge and heavy rocks great distances. Our king decided he wanted to study the stars and their movement. Sandstone blocks 4m high, 2m wide and 1m thick were cut and moved great distances to make an immovable and indestructible reference point pointing to the stars. It was only after we built the carefully aligned structure that we realized that we could not use it as we wanted to because we did not have an accurate means of measuring time. In order to measure space and motion accurately, you needed to measure time very precisely. 

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The engineer who designed the pyramid (2500 BC)

I was born in Egypt and became the chief engineer for the Pharaoh. He wanted to make a multi-functional structure. First and foremost it was to be a tool to investigate and measure heavenly movements. It had to be a structure that would stand stable for thousands of years to help future generations to observe and study the heavens. It was to be a laboratory to examine earth and heaven movements. It had to endure the erosion of nature and the plunder and destruction of man. 

It was also to serve as a lookout and communications tower sufficiently high to see approaching armies hundreds of kilometers away. It was to provide the Pharaoh and his family a safe refuge whenever threatened by siege from enemies and a secure vault for his wealth. It was to serve as a silo for grain and a reservoir for water. It was to be a symbol of his lasting power and of his nation that built the imposing structure. Some thought he was just making a pretentious tombstone for himself. 

The project was actually a “make work program”. The wise Pharaoh believed that such a project would stimulate economic growth in the long term. It was hoped that such a grand project would help open the region for tourists and farmers for generations to come. It was my responsibility to design and build it. 

I had at my disposal the best mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. The site was chosen 1 km from a tributary of the Nile that had thick and flat bedrock. 200,000 men and children as young as 5 years old worked day and night with 10,000 elephants for 70 years and excavated, cut, carved and moved 2.5 million 2.5 ton blocks from hundreds of km away and piled them up into a 140m high pyramid. They were divided into 4 teams. Recognition and prizes were given to the team that made the most progress each year. 4 blocks were placed every hour, 100 blocks each day. They were placed into position on the pyramid, one on each of its 4 sides, until the last blocks were raised to the top 70 years later. I was 25 years old when I started and lived to see the pyramid's completion. 

First a suitable site was chosen, 20m higher than the delta, with a thick and flatbed stone. A canal with a series of locks was dug from the tributary of the Nile to the site of the pyramid. The stone blocks from far away quarries along the Nile were floated in wooden rafts to the canal that ran to the pyramid's base. Along their long journey the blocks were shaped and polished to precision. Then they were raised by steep steps of locks that emptied into a flat platform. Once the platform was walled in and sealed by tar, it was flooded. The base platform was a square that was 250m wide. This huge swimming pool got smaller as it got higher each year forming a pyramid structure. 

Each year a new level was completed. As the platform got higher, it got smaller. The higher it got the more it shrank until at the very top it shrank to a single point. It was divided into 4 parts. One was a swimming pool for the people, the other was a pond with birds and water plants for the privileged. The 3rd was a natural pond that people visited like a park. The 4th was a water reservoir. 

Children were used to lift the water up to the top level. They climbed up to the top and then jumped down attached to a rope. Their weight pulled up an equal weight of water in a bucket. The water from the top fed the steps of locks that were used to float the blocks up to the top where they were moved toward the walls and used to build up the walls for the next layer.

The structure lasted for 7,000 years despite being ravaged by man and nature. In the end the entire continent sank into the sea. The pyramid served as a tourist attraction for its entire lifetime. But its main purpose as tool for studying the heaven and measuring the movement of the earth with respect to the stars was forgotten a few generations after it was built.

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Star Gazer (2500 BC)

My father built the pyramids and I studied the stars. Most people saw the sun rise in the east and set in the west and concluded that it orbited our earth. I used the pyramids to prove that the heavenly bodies danced a much different dance. I used the immovable and indestructible pyramid as a reference point to the sky. I also used the pyramid's height as a very accurate clock to measure the speed the heavenly bodies were moving. This was done by carving a winding groove around the pyramid's 4 sides starting at the top and slowly winding down to the bottom. The amount of time it took the water to flow and run down to the base was assumed to be always the same, and it was called "one hour". 24 such runs could be made each day from noon to noon. The grooved channel was calibrated into 60 equal lengths and each of the lengths was called "one minute". All of the minute lengths were calibrated into 60 equal lengths which were each called "one second". By measuring the distance water rolled down the channel, I was able to measure a very precise interval of time very accurately. By measuring the distance that the stars moved across the sky during a very precise interval of time, I was able to accurately map the movement of the heavenly bodies. 

After I died, my son continued to study how the heavenly bodies moved, and was able to conclude that the sun did not orbit the earth as it seemed to, but instead the earth orbited the sun. 

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Mr. Silk (2400 BC)

In my next life, I was born to a family of silk weavers in China. We had many mulberry trees on our estate and we used the cocoons of the worms that grew on the trees. A worm's cocoon fell into my mother's tea cup while she was drinking tea under a mulberry tree in her garden. Wishing to extract it from her drink, my mother noticed that the cocoon began to unroll into a thread. She then had the idea to weave this fine thin thread into a cloth. The resulting fabric was so soft and strong that it became a luxurious cloth she called “silk”. How this wonderful material was manufactured remained a closely guarded secret for 3,000 years. The fabric was restricted to be used by members of the imperial family for the next 1,000 years. Eventually silk was so sought after by rich nobility all over the world that it became one of my countries most important exports. 

Silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and became more than simply a material. It was used to pay government officials. By the same token that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of gold, the length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in China. For more than 1000 years, silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors and his vassals.

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Olmec racquetball player (2300 BC)

In my next life, I became a famous Olmec professional ball player. I was born in the southern part of Mexico, near the borders of Belize and Guatemala. My father was the best ball player and ended up being in the Olmec hall of Fame for scoring the most points. He was never defeated in a match and died a natural death just after playing and winning his very last match. 

The games were very demanding, requiring constant training. After all we were literally playing for our lives. I started training when I was 3 years old and continued to train every day for 8 hours. Many children played and practiced to be admitted as professional players for the fame and glory of it. Professional players were well fed and well taken care of. They had the choice of having the most beautiful girls. And they had the opportunity of being sacrificed for and by their Emperor if they lost a deciding game played in front of the Emperor. It was the second greatest honor one could have in life, only next to playing for the Emperor and being watched by him.

Each team was confined to one half of the court and the ball was hit back and forth until one team failed to return it or the ball left the court or hit the ground. The game rules were very simple. All we had to do was to ensure that the game continued. The game ended when we failed to return the ball to the opponent, or when we returned the ball but it landed outside the boundaries of the court. Sometimes the game continued for a few hours. The players could hit the ball with their hips, their forearms, or their rackets. The ball was made of solid rubber and was as big as a man's head and weighed about just as much. Ballgames were held as ritual events. Whenever we played for the Emperor, the losing team of the match was honored by being sacrificed for and by the Emperor. 

The size of the ball courts varied depending on how many players were playing. It ranged from 20m when there was only 1 person on each team to 100m long when there were 5 players on the team. The court was a long narrow alley with sloping side-walls against which the balls could bounce. It was about 4 times longer than it was wide. Courts were public spaces used for a variety of elite cultural events and ritual activities like wrestling events, festivals and musical performances with musicians often playing at ballgames.

The games were extremely brutal and there could be serious injuries inflicted by the solid, heavy ball. Sometimes players were even critically injured by the ball, or died in the middle of a game from sheer exhaustion. The balls were made from latex sap of the rubber tree. This slippery latex was mixed with the sap from the vines of the plant called “morning glory” to turn it into a resilient rubber. Players wore pads to protect them from the ball. 

The ballgame served as a way to defuse or resolve conflicts without genuine warfare. Instead of battles, sports were used to settle disputes. My civilization lasted for 2,000 years. It was mainly because of this sport that my society was able to last as long as it did. We were able to make very important achievements that helped other following civilizations to prosper. 

We were the first to develop writing. We were also the first to use the symbol "zero" to be able to efficiently write numbers so that they could be easily calculated by additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions. And we were the first to discover the compass that allowed us to navigate without having to see the sun in the day or the stars at night. These new ways of writing, calculating and navigating allowed us to trade and thus prosper and flourish. 

The neighboring Maya civilization started to flourish 500 years after our civilization and it lasted 1,300 years longer than ours did. The Mayas continued to play this most important sport. They modified our ballgame by placing vertical stone rings on each side of the court which the rubber ball had to be thrown to pass thru the hoops. This sport with this innovation continued into the following Aztec culture 4,000 years later. 400 years later, a basket was attached to this ring and a new sport was started that was extremely popular called “basketball”.

I happened to be playing in front of the Emperor one day. I had the great honor of being sacrificed along with all my team mates for losing that match.
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NEXT: 0AD->2100AD Nero, Hadrian, Mani, Attila, Aryabhata, Bang Gun, Bank Poo, Henry I, Genghis Khan, William Wallace, John Wycliffe, Johannes Gutenberg, Martin Luther, Galileo Galilei, Adam Smith, Accountant for Rothschild, Karl Marx, Adolph Hitler, Andrew Vecsey

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